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At an investment forum in Washington in November 2025, Elon Musk made a prediction that sounded almost absurd. Within 10 or 20 years, he said, work could become optional. He compared it to growing vegetables at home. Most people buy vegetables because it is easier, but some still grow them because they enjoy doing it. Musk believes work could eventually become a similar choice. He then went further and said that continued progress in artificial intelligence and robotics could

Suppose a task that takes you an hour suddenly takes ten minutes. It seems reasonable to expect fifty minutes of free time. At work, though, that depends on whether anyone still wants the same amount of output. If your manager can now ask for six versions of a presentation instead of one, the afternoon fills up again. The technology has delivered exactly what it promised. You are producing more with the same effort. You just have not gained the thing you actually wanted. Econ

Imagine a service that people currently pay for becoming available free, at the same quality. Perhaps it is a translation tool, a basic software product or a resource for learning a language. Customers keep the money they would have spent and still get the benefit. That looks like progress. Yet the direct spending associated with the old service has disappeared. Depending on what replaces it, one part of the measured economy could shrink while the people using it become bette

It can feel strange to talk about slower economic growth while watching technology improve so quickly. A phone can perform tasks that once required an office full of equipment. Software can produce an answer in seconds that previously took hours of work. Yet the existence of impressive inventions does not tell us how quickly the whole economy can expand. The American growth slowdown that developed over recent decades reflects changes in the workforce, investment and productiv